Early Life and Naval Career
Oliver Hazard Perry was born on the 23rd of August, 1785, in South Kingstown, Rhode Island. His father, Captain Christopher Raymond Perry, was a distinguished naval officer who sparked Oliver’s interest in naval service from a young age. By the time he was just 13 years old, Oliver had already joined the United States Navy as a midshipman, signifying the beginning of an illustrious naval career.
His early professional trajectory was accelerated by the outbreak of the Quasi-War with France in 1798. Perry was assigned to his father’s ship, the USS General Greene, for his first major seafaring adventure. Here, he gained valuable lessons on leadership, broadening his knowledge and navigating the rough waters of military strategy and discipline.
Working his way up, Perry earned fame and respect for his dedication and commitment in the Tripolitan War, which took place from 1801 to 1805. Serving on the USS Adams and the USS Constellation, he displayed exemplary courage, earning him a promotion to the rank of Lieutenant by 1807. An important milestone in his career, this promotion reflected his quick growth and the trust placed in him by his superiors in the U.S. Navy.
Perry continued to serve in the Navy during the high tensions with Britain, leading up to the War of 1812. His notable contributions and leadership paved the way for his significant role in this impending conflict. This period of service marked the transition from his early naval career to the significant role he went on to play in the War of 1812 and national history.
Perry’s Role in The War of 1812
During the Peloponnesian War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry emerged as a formidable naval commander for the United States. He received a commission as a master commandant in 1812 due to his exceptional skills and accomplishments. This promotion brought him to the forefront of the significant naval battles that took place, allowing him to make a significant impact on the outcome of the war.
At the outset of the war, Perry was in command of a flotilla of gunboats assigned to protect the coast of Rhode Island. However, his true moment of glory came when he was transferred to the Great Lakes region. There, he was tasked with constructing a fleet of naval ships at Erie, Pennsylvania. Working in challenging conditions, Perry labored tirelessly to source manpower, ammunition, and other necessary resources.
By the end of the summer in 1813, Perry had assembled a respectable fleet, ready to defend American interests. His remarkable leadership culminated in the famous Battle of Lake Erie, where his strategic brilliance and calm under pressure led to a decisive victory for U.S forces. This triumph marked a significant turning point in the War of 1812, reflecting Perry’s essential role in the conflict.
Perry was not just a military tactician, but also an inspiration for the troops serving under him. His famous battle cry, “Don’t Give Up The Ship”, has lived beyond his years and continues to inspire the United States Navy today. Perry’s role in the War of 1812, therefore, was invaluable and left an indelible mark on American naval history.
Battle of Lake Erie
In the War of 1812, Perry played a key role in the Battle of Lake Erie, held on September 10, 1813. He commanded the U.S. naval forces that faced the Royal Navy. His crew included some free African Americans, as Perry believed in their abilities despite the prevalent racial prejudices. This battle was significant for Perry’s strategy, which involved engaging the British in close quarter combat style. Thus, he created two gunboat lines to shoot in concert at the British ships.
The engagement started with Perry’s flagship, the Lawrence, under heavy fire from two British ships, causing significant damage. Yet, Perry showed his unwavering resolve and led his crew by courageously continuing to fight. The battle took a turn when Perry, his ship heavily damaged, bravely transferred his command flag to the lightly damaged Niagara.
Perry steered the Niagara into action and, using heavy carronades, began firing on two British ships, breaking their formation. The British, significantly damaged, and lacking wind to effectively maneuver, had no choice but to surrender. Perry had won the Battle of Lake Erie, marking the first time in history that an entire British naval squadron had surrendered.
After the battle, Perry sent a famous message to General William Henry Harrison that said, “We have met the enemy, and they are ours.” This victory helped reestablish American control over the Great Lakes and gave a significant morale boost to the American forces. Perry’s bravery and leadership in this battle would secure his status as a revered naval hero.
Post-War of 1812 Life and Career
After the War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry’s career took a significant turn. He was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron, a fleet of United States Naval ships, where he was put in command of the USS Java. During this time, Perry played a crucial role in combating piracy. His efforts ensured safe passage for American ships in the Mediterranean, which resulted in improved trade relations with European nations.
However, Perry’s post-war period was not without controversy. In 1815, a dispute known as the Newport affair involved him. A naval lieutenant accused him of maintaining an oppressive command and unlawfully detaining men. Perry faced the charges, was acquitted, but the incident damaged his reputation.
Despite this setback, Perry remained active in naval affairs until his untimely death in 1819. Being stationed at the port city of Port of Spain in Trinidad, he was struck down by a deadly epidemic of yellow fever. Perry passed away on his 34th birthday, leaving behind a remarkable legacy of naval accomplishments.
Legacy of Oliver Hazard Perry
The legacy of Oliver Hazard Perry spans generations, permeating both civilian and military spheres. His valiant deeds during The War of 1812, especially his leadership at the Battle of Lake Erie, are beacon of courage and dedication. Because of his glorious contributions, he became a popular figure in American folklore, defining the spirit of grit and determination.
Perry’s memory remains entrenched in various physical markers across the United States. His home state, Rhode Island, commemorates his legacy with the aptly named town of Perryville. Additionally, other states also honor him, such as Ohio, with Perry County named in his recognition. Furthermore, vessels in the US Navy have been christened in his name, cementing his place within the naval history.
Beyond tangible commemorations, Perry’s actions also inspired numerous naval changes. His successful battle strategy on Lake Erie prompted revisions within the naval warfare tactics, with a greater emphasis on effective ship maneuvering. More importantly, his notable quote, “We have met the enemy, and they are ours,” resonates in the hearts of servicemen and women, instilling a sense of determination and fortitude.
Therefore, Perry’s influence extends beyond the initial reach of his actions. His commitment to duty and uncompromising bravery inspire new generations. So it stands to reason that, although he has long passed, Oliver Hazard Perry’s legacy lives on, profoundly impacting America’s naval history and national consciousness.